The visualization incorporates Global Monthly Satellite-derived PM2.5 concentrations from 2000-2022 across the Indo-Gangetic Plain region.

Air temperature, or dry bulb temperature, is the most commonly reported measure of heat. But it only tells part of the story. Wind speed can either amplify discomfort through hot winds or provide relief by enhancing evaporative cooling. Humidity can make even moderate temperatures feel oppressive.

There is no single index that captures heat stress accurately across all contexts. Mumbai, for instance, needs to track humidity-driven heat stress, while Jaisalmer must monitor frequent hot and dry winds to arrive at accurate real-feel temperatures. Each city requires a tailored approach to measurement.

Heat is no longer a seasonal concern. It is a serious risk that shapes how cities are planned, how workers are protected and how resilience is built.